Firesafe has received the following awards and nominations. Way to go!
The proposed system has two parts: the management dashboard and the mobile app. The management dashboard must show active fires and high-risk areas in a map divided in several cells that form a grid. The high-risk areas are cells that have borders to cells with active fires and are classified as such by a machine learning model. Such a model takes into account the relative humidity in the cell on fire, wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric temperature and fuel to predict whether the fire will reach a given cell and when. The target of the training database for a given sample (cell) is how long the fire from a neighbor burning cell took to arrive, since the fire started in the given neighbor cell. Also, using land cover data, cells with human constructions are detected and when these areas are at risk, a stronger alert is emitted. With such a feature, a commander can take strategical decisions in order to better distribute firefighters and brigadists in an attempt to minimize human, wildlife and economic losses, even though firefighters and brigadists are scarse. Also, with this data being quickly available, important actions can be taken as early as possible.
However, there are periods and places that remain in blind spot areas for some time, which can be critical to avoid major damages. Therefore, an alternative mean for early notification of wildfires is through crowd-sourcing. Anyone using the mobile app can quickly send a geolocalized notification to the system, which will be shown in the strategical dashboard. This way, blind spots in the satellite-provided data can be diminished by the users of the mobile app. Our hypothesis is that we can reach nearly real-time notifications of active fires with a higher coverage than the sattelite-only based solutions. Also, notifying a fire station through a telephone call can be very inefficient, since a fire notification usually takes some time to reach a commander and be transformed into an effective action. Thus, the fire notifications sent through the system can quickly reach whoever is in charge to take strategical decisions and reduce the time to response. In case the user does not have internet connection, what usually happens in poor countries when the user is far from urban areas, an SMS with its location as text content is sent to the central system, which must receive the text, parse it and store the sent notification.
Still regarding the dashboard visualization, the commander can also quickly notify registered firefighters and brigadists to show up as soon as possible in the fire station in order to give the briefing of the mission and combat a given notified wildfire. Besides, the people that are located in high risk areas and are using the mobile app can receive a fire alert whenever the commander finds it necessary. Such a decision can be taken by observing the areas classified as high risk by the prediction model. The mobile app will then show the alert to the user and it will be aways showing a map with the high risk area highlighted. Our hypothesis is that such a solution can reduce the number of deaths or material losses if people leave early with their most importan belongings from high risk areas.
We have seen everyday news about wildfires in Brazil, USA and Australia with terrible consequences, not only to the wildlife and human life, but also to the economy. It is clear that wildfires are happening more and more often as the time goes by and due to the climate changes, their extensions are becoming larger and larger. It means that combating such a hazard will be even harder in the future. Thus, we found extremely necessary to create a computational tool to augment the combat capacity of firefighters and brigadists. Since there is lots and lots of useful data available on the internet nowadays, we have decided that our approach should be data-driven.
We've spent some time looking for news and academic papers to understand the main problems in the field and their potential solutions, until we came across a paper where the authors propose a model to predict the spread of wildfires and allocate optimally human resources in order to minimize the life and economic losses: "A spatial optimization model for resource allocation for wildfire suppression and resident evacuation", written by Zhou and Erdogan, both from San Jose State University, and published in 2019 in the journal Computers & Industrial Engineering (Elsevier). It seemed to be a relatively simple approach to solve and extremely important problem. Then, this approach served as a basis for the core of our project: the management dashboard. Also, to better understand the problems and validate our solution, we've talked to three firefighters (Captains) from our state, Pernambuco, Brazil. We were amazed by the number of interesting problems they have and that we can solve using currently available technologies.
In order to partially develop some of the main features, we used Python for the dashboard, which was built in Plotly Dash, and React Native and Node to the mobile app. Unfortunately we did not have time to implement the wildfire spread prediction algorithm. However, in order to implement the dashboard, we developed a very simples heuristic using only the wind direction. We couldn't implement features such as user CRUD or the communication between the mobile app and the dashboard.
Space agency data was utterly important to propose our prediction model and build our dashboard. As already mentioned, the following variables were used as the input of our model, followed by their respective sources:
- Active Fire: FIRMS - NASA (https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/active_fire/#firms-shapefile)
- Wind speed, wind direction, humidity and atmospheric temperature: Meteomatics API(https://www.meteomatics.com/en/api/request/)
- Land cover: USGS - NASA (https://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/MOTA/MCD12C1.006/2019.01.01/MCD12C1.A2019001.006.2020220162300.hdf)
FIRMS - NASA (https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/active_fire/#firms-shapefile)
Meteomatics API (https://www.meteomatics.com/en/api/request/)
Land cover: USGS - NASA (https://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/MOTA/MCD12C1.006/2019.01.01/MCD12C1.A2019001.006.2020220162300.hdf)