Electric Busters| Home Planet at Your Fingertips
Home Planet at Your Fingertips
Electricity From Waste
Summary
Biogas is a combustible gas mixture produced during the anaerobic digestion of organic matter in an anaerobic biogas reactor (e.g. small-scale digester, biogas settler, digestion of organic waste, anaerobic baffled reactor, etc; see also anaerobic digestion, general factsheet). During anaerobic digestion, wastes are treated and degraded and biogas is produced. Anaerobic treatment also has the advantage over aerobic treatment of a smaller emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, biogas is a renewable green energy source
How We Addressed This Challenge
Biomass that is high in moisture content, such as animal manure and food-processing wastes, is suitable for producing biogas using a biological treatment process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas typically contains between 40 and 60 percent methane. This high methane content makes biogas an excellent source of renewable energy to replace natural gas and other fossil fuels. Biogas is typically used in factory boilers and in engine generator sets to produce electricity and heat. If internal combustion engines are fuelled with biogas to produce electricity, the facility can use the electricity or export it to the power grid.It is reasonable to assume that anaerobic digestion technology is suitable for use in biogas production. Biogas is a valuable fuel that can act as substitute. Therefore, it can be competitive with market natural gas purchase for power generation.The process of generating electricity in a mass-burn waste-to-energy plant has seven stages:
1.Waste is dumped from garbage trucks into a large pit.
2A giant claw on a crane grabs waste and dumps it in a combustion chamber.
3The waste (fuel) is burned, releasing heat. The heat turns water into steam in a boiler.
4The high-pressure steam turns the blades of a turbine generator to produce electricity.
5An air pollution control system removes pollutants from the combustion gas before it is released through a smoke stack.
6 Ash is collected from the boiler and the air pollution control system.
MSW is a mixture of energy-rich materials such as paper, plastics, yard waste, and products made from wood. For every 100 pounds of MSW in the United States, about 85 pounds can be burned as fuel to generate electricity. In 2018, one ton (2,000 pounds) of MSW burned in waste-to-energy plants in the United States generated about 534 kilowatthours (kWh) of electricity, or about the amount of electricity used by 18 U.S. households in one day.
Waste-to-energy plants reduce 2,000 pounds of garbage to ash weighing about 300 pounds to 600 pounds In terms of electricity energy supply, a distinction is made between types of renewable energy systems where renewable energy systems are described as stand-alone or connected to the electricity grid (“grid-connected”). Such a network of grid-connected renewable energy systems is the Landfill Biogas Generation System. Substitution of fossil fuel-based electricity by electricity generated from renewable sources is, however another sustainable development benefit of this kind of projects. Moreover, biomass carbon dioxide emissions on an energy basis are comparable to coal but there is one important difference. The biological growth of biomass fuels consumes carbon dioxide as part of the photosynthetic process and thus their contribution to global warning is zero. It is remarked that as the age of waste and the disposal of inert matter is increased, the rate of biogas production is decreased. According to the table 2, the original energy of recuperated fuel gas is capable of supplying the needs of the original energy of the network for at least 8 function years.Biogas can be used for electricity production on sewage works,[26] in a CHPgas engine, where the waste heat from the engine is conveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; space heating; water heating; and process heating. If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much more effective displacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site CHP plants
How We Developed This Project
gas is the gas resulting from an anaerobic digestion process. A biogas plant can convert animal manure, green plants, waste from agro industry and slaughterhouses into combustible gas. Biogas can be used in similar ways as natural gas in gas stoves, lamps or as fuel for engines. It consists of 50-75% methane, 25-45% carbon dioxide, 2-8% water vapour and traces of O2 N2, NH3 H2 H2S. Compare this with natural gas, which contains 80 to 90% methane. The energy content of the gas depends mainly on its methane content. High methane content is therefore desirable. A certain carbon dioxide and water vapour content is unavoidable, but sulphur content must be minimised - particularly for use in engines.
The average calorific value of biogas is about 21-23.5 MJ/m³, so that 1 m³ of biogas corresponds to 0.5-0.6 l diesel fuel or about 6 kWh (FNR, 2009).The biogas yield of a plant depends not only on the type of feedstock, but also on the plant design, fermentation temperature and retention time. Maize silage for example - a common feedstock in Germany - yields about 8 times more biogas per ton than cow manure. In Germany, cow manure and energy crops are the main forms of feedstock. About 2 live-stock units (corresponding to about 2 cows or 12 rearing pigs) plus 1 ha of maize and grass are expected to yield a constant output of about 2 kWel (48kWhel per day. In the South Asian context, ESMAP uses a typical specific input-output relation of about 14 kg of fresh cattle dung (the approximate production of one cow on one day) plus 0.06 l diesel fuel to produce 1kWh electricity.
How We Used Space Agency Data in This Project
yes ,we have used data from space agency in our project.it was very helpful to ous to collect data from NASA .from data we got know that the production biogas to electricity can be further developed to get 100% zero waste out from biogas plant.
Project Demo
https://photos.app.goo.gl/yC5FATwqvErFUtEw8
https://drive.google.com/file/d/11Dbskhr2wtMTtaPnStCO_MKF8RNJPhzA/view?usp=drivesdk
Data & Resources
1.
Gemah ripah biogas (GRB) plant is the first biogas project in Indonesia that utilizes a 100% fruit waste as a feedstock. Now, the biogas has been operating for almost 9 years. To get objective performance study in the biogas plant existing, it important to analyze biogas production, electricity generation and energy and environmental benefits of the GRB plant. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the typical demonstration model in utilization of fruit waste. Regarding the observation, technically GRB has operated in appropriate function. GRB was designed for 4 T/day feed and supplies 148.5 kWh/day electricity. The further analysis exhibited that GRB project is required to be optimized for maximum energy and environmental benefits because biogas plant feed only 0.35 T/day (8% of feed design) and supplies electricity only 0.45 % of its supplies. For biogas quality, data showed that the biogas plant produces methane and carbon dioxide with average content of 59% and 37% which is already within a good standard. GRB need some of recommendation for maximum operation which is discussed in this article. Nevertheless, operating as an example of a sustainable renewable energy model, GRB can decrease of waste discharge to the landfill and utilization of waste at the source. The operation model of GRB plays an important role in reducing greenhouse, mitigating pollution and generating renewable energy.
2.Human waste may have a new use: sending NASA spacecraft from the moon back to Earth.
Until now, the waste has been collected to burn up on re-entry. What's more, like so many other things developed for the space program, the process could well turn up on Earth, said Pratap Pullammanappallil, a University of Florida associate professor of agricultural and biological engineering.
"It could be used on campus or around town, or anywhere, to convert waste into fuel," Pullammanappallil said.
In 2006, NASA began making plans to build an inhabited facility on the moon's surface between 2019 and 2024. As part of NASA's moon-base goal, the agency wanted to reduce the weight of spacecraft retuning to Earth. Historically, waste generated during spaceflight would not be used further. NASA stores it in containers until it's loaded into space cargo vehicles that burn as they pass back through Earth's atmosphere. For future long-term missions, though, it would be impractical to bring all the stored waste back to Earth.
Dumping it on the moon's surface is not an option, so the space agency entered into an agreement with UF for ideas. Pullammanappallil and then-graduate student Abhishek Dhoble accepted the challenge.
"We were trying to find out how much methane can be produced from uneaten food, food packaging and human waste," said Pullammanappallil, a UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences faculty member and Dhoble's adviser. "The idea was to see whether we could make enough fuel to launch rockets and not carry all the fuel and its weight from Earth for the return journey. Methane can be used to fuel the rockets. Enough methane can be produced to come back from the moon."
NASA started by supplying the UF scientists with a packaged form of chemically produced human waste that also included simulated food waste and packaging materials, Pullammanappallil said. He and Dhoble, now a doctoral student at the University of Illinois, ran laboratory tests to find out how much methane could be produced from the waste and how quickly.
They found the process could produce 290 liters of methane per crew per day, all produced in a week, Pullammanappallil said.
Their results led to the creation of a process that uses an anaerobic digester. That process kills pathogens from human waste, and produces biogas -- a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
In earth-bound applications, that fuel could be used for heating, electricity generation or transportation.
Additionally, the digester process breaks down organic matter from human waste. The process also would produce about 200 gallons of non-potable water annually from all the waste. That is water held within the organic matter, which is released as organic matter decomposes. Through electrolysis, the water can then be split into hydrogen and oxygen, and the astronauts can breathe oxygen as a back-up system. The exhaled carbon dioxide and hydrogen can be converted to methane and water in the process
https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2019/ee_1.html
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MS%26E..736b2058M/abstract